What Is a Red Team?

A red team serves as an organisation’s ethical adversary, deliberately challenging security defences by thinking and acting like real attackers. By simulating actual cyber-attacks, red teams help organisations identify vulnerabilities, test incident response capabilities, and strengthen their overall security posture before actual threats can exploit them.

A red team is a group of authorised security professionals who emulate potential adversaries’ tactics and techniques to test an organisation’s cybersecurity defences.

Unlike traditional penetration testing, which focuses on finding technical vulnerabilities in specific systems, red teaming takes a more comprehensive approach by simulating full-scale cyber-attacks across an organisation’s infrastructure. These teams operate with a “black box” approach, meaning they typically have no prior knowledge of the organisation’s systems, forcing them to discover information just as real attackers would.

Red teams employ various techniques, including social engineering, physical security testing, and network exploitation, to achieve specific objectives like accessing sensitive data or compromising critical systems. Their methodology follows real-world attack patterns, often leveraging the same tools and techniques used by actual threat actors but in a controlled and ethical manner. This adversarial approach provides organisations with invaluable insights into their security weaknesses and helps validate the effectiveness of their defensive measures.

The critical distinction between red teaming and penetration testing lies in scope and methodology. While penetration tests are typically time-bound exercises focused on identifying technical vulnerabilities in specific systems, red team operations are more strategic and comprehensive, often lasting several weeks or months. Red teams consider human factors, physical security, and organisational processes in addition to technical elements, providing a holistic assessment of an organisation’s security posture.

The dynamic interplay between red, blue, and purple teams creates a comprehensive security testing and defence framework that strengthens an organisation’s cybersecurity posture. Each team plays a distinct yet interconnected role in the broader security ecosystem.

Red Team

Operating as ethical hackers, red teams actively attempt to breach an organisation’s defences using the same tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) employed by adversaries. These offensive security experts conduct covert operations, ranging from social engineering attacks to network infiltration attempts, often without the knowledge of the organisation’s security team to maintain realistic testing conditions.

Blue Team

The blue team serves as the defensive counterpart, focusing on protecting the organisation’s assets and detecting potential threats in real-time. These security professionals are responsible for implementing security controls, monitoring network activity, responding to incidents, and maintaining the organisation’s security infrastructure. Blue teams analyse security logs, investigate alerts, and develop incident response procedures to defend against both simulated and actual attacks.

Purple Team

Purple teams bridge the gap between offensive and defensive operations, facilitating collaboration and knowledge sharing between red and blue teams. Rather than operating as a separate unit, purple teaming is more of a collaborative function that ensures lessons learned from red team exercises are effectively translated into improved defensive capabilities. They help break down silos between teams, enhance communication, and ensure that security findings lead to meaningful improvements in the organisation’s security posture.

A red team’s mission extends far beyond simple vulnerability scanning, encompassing a comprehensive evaluation of an organisation’s entire security infrastructure. Through elaborate attack simulations and adversary emulation, red teams provide organisations with critical insights into their defensive capabilities and security gaps.

• Identify security weaknesses: Red teams uncover hidden vulnerabilities by creating potential mock attack scenarios that traditional security assessments might overlook. Using creative attack methodologies and real-world adversary tactics, they expose weaknesses in systems, processes, and human behaviour that actual threats could exploit.
• Test incident response: Red teams evaluate the effectiveness of existing security systems and response capabilities by monitoring detection times, alert accuracy, and team reactions to simulated attacks. This assessment helps organisations understand how well their security teams can identify, contain, and remediate security incidents in real-time.
• Improve detection capabilities: By carefully analysing attack paths and defensive measures, red teams help organisations enhance their ability to detect and prevent dynamic cyber-attacks. They test the effectiveness of security technologies, personnel, and processes to identify gaps in coverage.
• Validate security controls: Red teams assess whether existing defence mechanisms can withstand actual incidents by subjecting systems to realistic attack scenarios. This includes testing physical security measures, technical controls, and human awareness programmes.
• Enhance security awareness: By conducting social engineering and physical security tests, red teams help organisations understand their vulnerabilities to human-based attacks. This insight leads to improved security training and awareness programmes.
• Provide strategic insights: Red teams deliver actionable intelligence about an organisation’s security posture, helping leadership make informed decisions about security investments and human risk management strategies. Their findings often include metrics such as mean time to detection, remediation success rates, and detailed heat maps of security coverage.

The goal of these objectives is to strengthen an organisation’s overall security posture by providing realistic assessments of its defensive capabilities against targeted threats. Through careful documentation and analysis of their findings, red teams help organisations build more resilient security programmes that can better withstand actual cyber-attacks.

Red teams employ a diverse arsenal of techniques that reflect today’s threat actors, ensuring organisations can prepare for various attack scenarios. Their methodology combines technical expertise with psychological manipulation to comprehensively test security measures.

Social Engineering

Red teams leverage human psychology to bypass security controls through carefully crafted deception techniques. These include sophisticated phishing campaigns, pretexting scenarios where attackers impersonate legitimate personnel, and tailgating attempts to access restricted areas. The effectiveness of social engineering is particularly notable, as even when employees are warned about specific attack templates, they often still fall victim to these tactics.

Network Exploitation

The technical aspect of red team operations involves systematic probing of network infrastructure through multiple phases:

• Reconnaissance and scanning to map network topology and identify potential vulnerabilities
• Exploitation of misconfigurations and unpatched systems
• Lateral movement through compromised networks while maintaining stealth
• Privilege escalation attempts to gain higher-level access permissions

Physical Security Testing

Red teams conduct physical penetration tests to evaluate real-world security measures. This includes:

• Testing access control systems
• Attempting to breach secure areas like server rooms
• Evaluating security personnel response
• Identifying unprotected entry points and weak physical security controls

APT Simulation

Red teams will mimic today’s threat actors by conducting long-term, stealthy operations. This involves:

• Maintaining persistent access through carefully placed backdoors
• Using advanced evasion techniques to avoid detection
• Conducting operations over extended periods, sometimes lasting months
• Employing multiple attack vectors simultaneously to achieve objectives

These tactics aim to provide organisations with a realistic assessment of their security posture against adversaries. By documenting successful attack paths and identifying defensive gaps, red teams help organisations build more resilient security programmes.

Red team operations follow a methodical, multi-phase approach that mirrors the tactics of today’s threat actors. Each phase builds upon the previous one, creating a comprehensive assessment of an organisation’s security defences through careful planning and execution.

Phase 1: Reconnaissance

The operation begins with extensive information gathering about the target organisation. Red teams collect publicly available data through open-source intelligence (OSINT), including employee information, technical details about systems and networks, and organisational structure. This phase may last several weeks as teams build detailed profiles of potential attack vectors and identify high-value targets.

Phase 2: Initial Exploitation

Red teams use intelligence gathered during reconnaissance to establish their first point of entry. This could involve crafting sophisticated phishing campaigns, exploiting vulnerable external services, or leveraging social engineering techniques to gain initial access. Success at this stage often hinges on identifying the path of least resistance into the organisation.

Phase 3: Privilege Escalation

Once inside, red teams work to expand their access rights within the compromised system. Such strategies involve identifying and exploiting local vulnerabilities, misconfigured permissions, or weak credential policies to gain administrator-level access. Teams might use custom tools, living-off-the-land techniques, or known exploits to elevate their privileges while avoiding detection.

Phase 4: Lateral Movement

With elevated privileges secured, red teams begin exploring the network to identify and access other systems and resources. This phase involves:

• Mapping the internal network architecture
• Identifying critical assets and sensitive data
• Exploiting trust relationships between systems
• Establishing multiple access points throughout the network

Phase 5: Persistence

To maintain long-term access, red teams implement stealthy persistence mechanisms that can survive system reboots and basic security scans. These might include:

• Creating backdoor accounts
• Installing hidden remote access tools
• Modifying system configurations
• Establishing alternate communication channels

Phase 6: Exfiltration and Cleanup

In the final phase, red teams demonstrate their ability to locate and extract sensitive data while removing evidence of their presence. This includes:

• Identifying and collecting target data
• Testing data exfiltration methods
• Removing artefacts of the operation
• Documenting successful attack paths and findings

Throughout each phase, red teams maintain detailed documentation of their activities, successful techniques, and encountered security controls. This insight becomes invaluable for improving the organisation’s security posture and helping blue teams enhance their detection and response capabilities.

Red team assessments provide organisations with invaluable insights that surpass information acquired via traditional security testing methods. By simulating attacks under controlled conditions, organisations gain practical experience defending against threats while identifying and remedying security gaps before malicious actors can exploit them. Other key benefits include:

• Realistic assessment of security: Red team exercises reveal how well security controls perform under realistic attack conditions, providing organisations with an unvarnished view of their defensive capabilities. Unlike automated scans or compliance audits, these assessments demonstrate how different security elements work together—or fail to work together—during an actual attack.
• Improved incident response: Through repeated exposure to complex attack scenarios, security teams develop better detection and response capabilities. Organisations can measure their mean time to detection, response effectiveness, and overall security team performance under pressure.
• Enhanced employee awareness: Red team operations help identify gaps in security awareness and training programmes by revealing how employees respond to social engineering attempts and security incidents. This leads to more effective security training programmes based on actual vulnerabilities rather than theoretical scenarios.
• Cost-effective risk reduction: By identifying and addressing security weaknesses before malicious actors can exploit them, organisations avoid the substantial costs associated with actual data breaches, including regulatory fines, reputation damage, and business disruption.
• Validated security investments: Red team findings provide concrete evidence of which security controls are effective and which need improvement, helping organisations make informed decisions about security investments and resource allocation.

The cumulative effect of these benefits is a more resilient security posture that can better withstand sophisticated cyber-attacks while maintaining operational efficiency. Organisations that regularly conduct red team exercises demonstrate a proactive approach to security that resonates with customers, partners, and stakeholders.

Implementing an effective red team programme requires careful planning and consideration of various operational, legal, and organisational factors. While red teaming provides valuable security insights, organisations must navigate several critical challenges to ensure successful implementation, including:

• Balancing security and disruption: Red team activities must be carefully orchestrated to test security measures without disrupting critical business operations or causing system outages. This balance requires precise planning and coordination with business stakeholders.
• Scope and rules of engagement: Organisations must establish clear boundaries and guidelines for red team operations, including specific systems that are off-limits and acceptable testing methods. These parameters help prevent unintended consequences while maintaining testing effectiveness.
• Ethical and legal compliance: Red teams must operate within legal frameworks and maintain ethical standards, particularly when handling sensitive data or conducting social engineering tests. This includes obtaining proper authorisations and maintaining confidentiality.
• Resource allocation: Successful red team operations require significant investment in skilled personnel, tools, and infrastructure. Organisations must balance these costs against other security priorities.
• Inter-team communication: Effective collaboration between red teams, blue teams, and management is crucial for maximising the value of security assessments. Clear communication channels and protocols must be established.
• Stakeholder management: Organisations must manage expectations among leadership and stakeholders about what red team exercises can and cannot achieve while ensuring findings are properly understood and acted upon.
• Remediation planning: Developing and implementing action plans to address discovered vulnerabilities requires coordination across multiple teams and departments, often competing for limited resources.

These challenges underscore the importance of careful planning and strong organisational support when implementing a red team programme.

Red teams are the ultimate stress test for an organisation’s security defences, providing battle-tested insights that no automated tool or compliance audit can match. By embracing red team operations, organisations can strengthen their security posture and build the muscle memory needed to respond effectively when real threats emerge.

Proofpoint’s Identity Threat Defense platform offers powerful solutions that complement and enhance red team operations through advanced threat detection and response capabilities. At the heart of this platform, Proofpoint has proven undefeated in over 160 red team exercises conducted by leading security organisations, including Microsoft, Mandiant, and the U.S. Department of Defense.

The solution transforms endpoints into a sophisticated web of deceptions that deterministically catch threat actors attempting lateral movement or privilege escalation. Unlike traditional security tools that rely on signatures or behavioural analysis, Shadow’s agentless architecture operates quietly while appearing authentic to attackers.

Through this innovative approach, organisations can detect and respond to attack techniques that traditional security measures often miss, providing invaluable support for security testing and threat detection initiatives. To learn more, contact Proofpoint.